lecture 11 Tense and Aspect (1)

Lecture ElevenTense and Aspect (1)

动词的时和体(一)一、 一般现在时 二、 一般过去时 三、 现在进行体 四、 过去进行体

一般现在时的用法1、不受时间限制的客观存在(真理、格言、科学事 实等) The earth rotates on its axis. Hydrogen is the lightest element. A rolling stone gathers no moss. London stands on the River Thames.

一般现在时的用法2、现在习惯、经常发生的动作 Percy often goes to his office by underground. Father doesn’t smoke. He always sleeps with his windows open. Mary usually learns languages very quickly, but she doesn’t seem to be able to learn modern Greek.

一般现在时的用法3、现时的状态和现在瞬间的动作 现时状态——具有一定持续性，适用于静态动词。 Someone’s at the door, Carol. What’s the matter with you? You look pale. 现在瞬间的动作——动作转瞬即逝，甚至话音未落 已经完成。Eg. 体育运动的实况报道，表演、操作 等的解说词。 Harper passes the ball to Jennings; Jennings shoots and the goalkeeper leaps for it---- yes, it’s a goal. Look, I take this card from the pack and place it under the handkerchief—so. I declare the meeting open.

一般现在时的用法4、一般现在时表将来 a、I hope/ I bet 等后面的that- 分句中：可互换 I hope you have a good time.( you will have a good time) I bet it rains tomorrow. (it will rain) b、see (to it) / make sure/ make certain + that-分句：可互换 I’ll see to it/ make sure/ make certain (that) you don’t get lost. c、If /when 的引导的条件分句和时间分句：不可互换 Will you go and help to get in the crops when the harvest time comes? If it is fine tomorrow, we will go to the countryside.

一般现在时的用法5、一般现在时表过去

能用一般现在时表示过去时间的动词有：tell, say, hear, learn, gather, etc. Alice tells me you’re entering college next year. ( told/ has told) I hear poor old Mrs Smith has lost her son. (heard/ have heard) 在叙事和新闻报道中以增强真实性和生动性——historic present 历史性现在时 I was just dozing off in front of the television when my wife rushes in shouting that the kitchen is on fire.

一般现在时的用法1、不受时间限制的客观存在(真理、格言、科 学事实等) 2、现在的习惯动作 3、现时的状态和现在瞬间的动作 4、将来时间：I hope/I bet; see (to it)/makesure/make certain; if/when 条件句

5、过去时间：tell, say, hear/历史性现在时

Translate the following into English1、滴水穿石。 Patience wears out stones. 2、骄必败。 Pride goes before a fall. 3、事实胜于雄辩。 Facts speak louder than words. 4、一燕不成夏。 One swallow doesn’t make a summer. 5、长江流入东海。 The Changjiang fl

ows into the East China Sea.

6、月球上没有水。 Water doesn’t exist on the moon. 7、夏威夷气候从来不冷。 It isn’t ever cold in Hawaii. 8、在巴黎，五月份天气并非总是美好；有时多雨。 May in Paris isn’t always nice; it sometimes rains a lot. 9、他间或出错，但并不是时常出错。He occasionally is wrong, but not often. 10、他从来不做家庭作业，但在班上学习很好。

He never does any homework, but he does well in class.

1. 表过去时间

We had a meeting yesterday afternoon.(过去时间中一 次完成) We visited a factory last Friday.

This town was once a beauty spot.(一度存在的状态)Before liberation we lived in Beijing for five years. In those days the sowed wheat by hand. (过去的习惯 动作) He has given up smoking, but a year ago he smoked 100 cigarettes a week.

一般过去时表示的时间与现在不发生关系，

已成为过去/不复存在，比较：I studied in Canada for 7 years. I have studied in Canada for 7 years. His father was an English teacher all his life. His father has been an English teacher al his life.

2、表示现在时间和将来时间 1)表婉转语气

I wondered if you could help me.( want, wonder, think, hope) 表现在时间，相当于I wonder…, 语气更婉转 2)表与现在事实相反的主观设想或对将来的主观设想，主要 用于It’s time…, I wish…, I’d rather… 等结构后的that-分句 以及某些条件句中 Suppose we spent next week in Brighton. If only he didn’t drive so fast! If I had the money, I’d buy a car. If you went at about five tomorrow, you could see him before he left the office.

1、表示说话时正在进行的动作(能用于进行体的 动词一般都是表示持续动作的动态动词) A: What are you doing? B: I’m writing a letter.

试比较：

The Garden Bridge crosses the Suzhou Greek near the Shanghai Mansions. Our car is now crossing the Garden Bridge.

2、表示现阶段一直在进行的动作( 一种暂时性，不是长期性) Jane is studying law while her sister is doing physics. 比较： He lives in Nanjing. He is now living in Nanjing.

与频度副词 always, continually, constantly, for ever等连用 时表示感情色彩,比较:

You are always complaining about your work.

She always complains about her work.You are continually finding fault with me. Healthy and happy children are always playing.

3. 表按计划近期内即将发生的动作

I am leaving China in a few weeks.We are meeting him after the performance. I’ll think about it while you’re writing the report. 时间状语(上下文),否则歧义，例如：

注：用现在进行体表将来，句中要有表将来的Are you doing anything special tonight? Are you doing anything special now? Are you doing anything special?