英美文学术语解释(4)

2>full of youthful idealism, these individuals sought the meaning of life, drank excessively, had love affairs and created some of the finest American literature to date.

3>the three best-known representatives of lost generation are F. Scott Fitzgerald, Hemingway and John dos Passos.

24. Expressionism(表现主义)

Expressionism refers to a movement in Germany early in the 20th century. In which a number of painters sought to avoid the representation of external reality and ,instead, to project a highly personal or subjective vision of the world.

2> expressionism is a reaction against realism or naturalism, aiming at presenting a post-war world violently distorted.

3> in a further sense, the term is sometimes applied to the belief that literary works are essentially expressions of their authors’moods and thoughts; this has been the dominant assumption about literature since the rise of romanticism. 25. The Beat Generation(垮掉的一代)

The members of The Beat Generation were new bohemian libertines, who engaged in a spontaneous, sometimes messy, creativity.

2> The Beat writers produced a body of written work controversial both for its advocacy of non-conformity and for its non-conforming style.

3> the major beat writings are Allen Ginsberg’s Howl. Howl became the manifesto of The Beat Generation.

26. Jazz Age(爵士时代)

The Jazz Age describes the period of the 1920s and 1930s, the years between World War I and World War II. Particularly in North America. With the rise of the great depression, the values of

this age saw much decline. Perhaps the most representative literary work of the age is American writer Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby. Highlighting what some describe as the decadence and hedonism, as well as the growth of individualism. Fitzgerald is largely credited with coining the term” Jazz Age”.

27. Surrealism(超现实主义)

An anti-rational movement of imaginative liberation in European in art and literature in the 1920s and 1930s, which launched by Andre Breton after his break from the Dada group in 1922. Surrealism seeks to break down the boundaries between rationality and irrationality, exploring the resources and revolutionary energies of dreams, hallucinations and sexual desire. Influenced both by the symbolists and by Sigmund Freud’s theories of the unconscious, the surrealists experimented with automatic writing and with the free association of random images brought in surprising juxtaposition.

超现实主义是20世纪20年代和30年代在欧洲文艺和文学界发起的一场反对理性提倡思想解放的运动.这场运动由安德烈.布里多尼和达达派决裂后发起.超现实主义试图打破理性和非理性之间的界限.探讨梦.幻觉以及性欲的源头和动力.由于受到象征主义和弗洛伊德无意思理论的影响,超现实主义将自由联想和自由写作以不可思议的形式并置合并在一起.

28. Metaphysical poets(玄学派诗人）

It is the name given to a diverse group of 17th century English poets whose work is notable for its ingenious use of intellectual and theological concepts in surprising conceits, strange paradoxes and far-fetched imagery. The leading Metaphysical poet was John Donne, whose colloquial, argumentative abruptness of rhythm and tone distinguishes his style from the conventions of Elizabethan love lyrics.

29. New Criticism(新批评主义)

New Criticism is a movement in American literary criticism from the 1930s to the 1960s, concentrating on the verbal complexities and ambiguities of short poems considered as self-sufficient objects without attention to their origins or effects. The name comes from John Chrisom’s book The New Criticism. 30. Feminism(女权主义)

Feminism incorporates both a doctrine of equal rights for women and an ideology of social transformation aiming to create a world for women beyond simple social equality.

2>in general, feminism is ideology of women’s liberation based on the belief that women suffer injustice because of their sex. Under this broad umbrella various feminisms offer differing analyses of the causes, or agents, of female oppression.

3> definitions of feminism by feminists tend to be shaped by their training, ideology or race. So, for example, Marxist and socialist feminists stress the interaction within feminism of class with gender and focus on social distinctions between men and women. Black feminists argue much more for an integrated analysis which can unlock the multiple systems of oppression. 31. Hemingway Code Hero(海明威式英雄)

Hemingway Code Hero, also called code hero, is one who, wounded but strong more sensitive, enjoys the pleasures of life (sex, alcohol, sport) in face of ruin and death, and maintains, through some notion of a code, an ideal of himself.

2> barnes in the sun also Rises, Henry in a Farewell to arms and Santiago in the old man and the sea are typical of Hemingway Code Hero

32. Impressionism(印象主义)

Impressionism is a style of painting that gives the impression made by the subject on the artist without much attention to details. Writers accepted the same conviction that the personal attitudes and moods of the writer were legitimate elements in depicting character or setting or action.2>briefly, it is a style of literature characterized by the creation of general impressions and moods rather that realistic mood. 33. Postmodernism(后现代主义)

It is a disputed term that has occupied much recent debate about contemporary culture since the early 1980s. in its simplest and least satisfactory sense it refers generally to the phase of 20th century

western culture that succeeded the reign of high modernism, thus indicating the products of the “space age” after some time in the 1950s. More often, though it is applied to a cultural condition prevailing in the advanced capitalist societies since the 1960s,