2015年考研英语基础阶段-语法知识（上）(5)

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同上述讨论的短暂动词用于现在完成进行时态和过去完成进行时态表示重复活动一样，短暂动词用于将来完成进行时也表示重复。 By the end of this year he will have been acting for thirty years． 到今年年底他当演员就满30年了。

By the end of the month he will have been climbing 50 mountains． 到本月底，他攀登的山峰就有50座了。

1.15 时态的呼应

1.15.1 如果主句是过去时态，从句的时态往往也是过去时态。

I found that my cheating in yesterday’s English test was reported to my parents that very evening.

我发现，昨天英语考试我作弊的行为被报告给了我的父母。(误：I found that my cheating in yesterday’s English test is reported to my parents.) Helen borrowed my dictionary the other day saying that she would return it soon.

海伦前几天借走了我的字典，她说很快就会归还。(误：Helen borrowed my dictionary the other day saying that she will return it soon.) She answered the door, carrying a magazine she had been reading.

她去开门，手里拿着一本她一直在读的杂志。(误：She answered the door, carrying a magazine she has been reading.)

1.15.2 如果从句描述的事情是永恒真理或客观事实，无论主句是什么时态，从句的时态都使用一般现在时。 The teacher told the children that Chinese culture is one of the oldest cultures in the world. 老师告诉孩子们，中国文化是世界上最古老的文化之一。

The teacher told them since light travels faster than sound, lighting appears to go before thunder. 老师告诉他们，因为光比声音传播速度快，闪电似乎比雷声来得早.

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第二章 被动语态

被动语态表示主语是谓语动词的动作承受者，两者之间是被动关系。因为在被动语态中，主语相当于谓语动词的逻辑宾语，所以只有及物动词可以用被动语态，而不及物动词没有被动语态。和汉语相比，英语使用被动语态的频率较高。

被动语态的构成为：主语+系动词+动词的-ed形式，如果要说明施动者，则由介词by引出，置于动词的过去分词之后。被动语态的时态变化由系动词加以体现。

2.1 被动语态的一般用法

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2.1.1 当施动者不明确或不必指出时，用被动语态。 Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege. 才智被斥为一种权利或者特权。

Some adult novels have been adapted for young readers.

有些成人小说经过改编给年轻人阅读。

2.1.2 为了突出受动者，使用被动语态。

The phrase was used by this country’s founders to denote equality before the law. 这句话被国家的缔造者说过，意思是法律面前人人平等。

Care should be taken to ensure that information and evidence are accurate and up-to-date. 应力求使资料和证据既准确又是最新的。

2.2 用于各种时态的被动语态

2.2.1 一般现在时的被动语态

基本构成是is (am, are) +动词-ed形式

The twelve-year-old is no longer considered a child. 12岁的青少年不再被看作孩子。

Many courses are organized around classroom discussion. 很多课程是围绕课堂讨论组织起来的。

A breakthrough in equal opportunities for women is now demanded. 现在要求在妇女的机会平等方面取得突破。

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2.2.2 一般过去时的被动语态

基本构成是was (were) +动词的-ed形式

He was knocked down by a car and badly injured. 他被一辆汽车撞倒，伤势严重。

It was 3:45 in the morning when the vote was finally taken. 凌晨3：45最终投了票。

The city was taken by the English in the 16th century. 这座城市在16世纪被英国人攻占。

2.2.3 一般将来时的被动语态

基本构成是will be +动词的-ed形式 A new road will be built there.

这里将修建一条新马路。

The meeting will be put off till next Monday. 这次会议将被推迟到下周一。

2.2.4 现在进行时的被动语态

基本构成是is (am, are) being +动词的-ed形式 Now the space shuttle is being developed. 现在航天飞机正在发展。

This information shows that which items are being sold. 这种信息表明那些商品正在出售。 【真题再现】

The fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence, ___and perfected now. [A] developed [B] have developed

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[C] are being developed [D] will have been developed

【解析】正确答案是[C]。

本题考查被动语态的现在进行时。译文：第五代计算机具有人工智能，现在正在被改进和开发。

2.2.5 过去进行时的被动语态

基本构成是was (were) being +动词的-ed形式

Two of the glasses were broken when they were being washed. 在清洗时，有两只玻璃杯被打碎了。

While we were in London that year, the London Bridge was being repaired. 那一年我们在伦敦时，伦敦桥正在修。

2.2.6 现在完成时的被动语态

基本构成是has (have) been +动词的-ed形式 Many books have been written about the future. 已经写出了许多有关未来的书。

Physical vitality has been increased by improved nutrition. 由于营养的改善，身体活力已经增强。