跨文化交际考前复习（胡超版）(2)

Gender: socially constructed, varied over time and across cultures, with a social and relational quality

What has influenced the gender socialization?(答案p121)

There are two primary influences on gender socialization: family communication, particularly between mothers and children, and recreational interaction among children. ☆Daughters identify with mothers, a son can’t identify fully with the mother

☆Girls tend to define self in relation to others, while boys typically define self independent of others

☆It’s hardly surprising that women are generally comfortable with building close relationship and confiding to others, while most men are reserved about involvement and disclosure.

☆Girls play house, play hide and seek or jump rope, boys play competitive team sports like football and basketball

What are the six principles for effective cross-gender communication?(p129)( 答案p127-128) P129 ( B. what are the characteristics of feminine talk and masculine talk respectively)

Unit 7:

精讲案例：

Case 1(p137); case 3(p139)

思考题：

Discuss the concepts of high context culture and low context culture (p153)(结合最后一个单元，了解high-context culture 和 low-context culture)

High-context cultures assign meaning to many of the stimuli surrounding an explicit message. In high-context cultures, verbal messages have little meaning without the surrounding context, which includes the overall relationship between all the people engaged in communication.

Low-context cultures exclude many of those stimuli and focus more intensely on the objective communication event, whether it be a word, a sentence, or a physical gesture. In low-context cultures, the message itself means everything.

☆High-context culture involves interaction via nonverbal language, behavior, social status, relationships, rather than verbal language, contextual information is needed

☆In low context culture people interacted mainly via verbal language, primary purpose of communication is the exchange of information.

High: Asian French Spanish Greek Low: Swiss German USA

Unit 9:

A planetary culture:行星文化 a culture that integrates eastern mysticism with western science and rationalism.

Intercultural personhood:跨文化人格 represents someone whose cognitive, affective, and behavioral characteristics are not limited but open to growth beyond the psychological parameters of his or her own culture. 思考题：

Identify the features of each of four Hofstede’s cultural dimensions and use them to analyze the case(案例分析)

Individualism VS collectivism /Masculinity VS femininity /Power distance/Uncertainty avoidance What are the American / Chinese cultural values like in terms of cultural orientation put forward by Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck?(补充内容) Chinese culture values

As far as the human culture is concerned, Chinese culture holds that it is good but corruptible without proper education. As to the relation of human to nature, they think mankind can live in harmony with nature. They also have a cyclical time concept and therefore they are past-oriented. They have a being-and-becoming attitude towards activity and think that man should keep an inner peace as nothing is eternal. They are quite collective and therefore they focus more on the benefits of the group. America culture values

As far as the human culture is concerned, America culture holds that it is evil but perfectible though hard work. As to the relation of human to nature, they think mankind can conquer nature. They also have a linear time concept and therefore they are future-oriented. They focus on doing and think that only actions can solve the problem. They are quite individualistic and therefore they focus less on the benefits of the group.

What is the character of innate human nature? What is the mode of human activity? What is the relation of man to nature? What is the mode of human relationships?What is the temporal focus of human life? Strike while the iron is hot 趁热打铁 to be at the end of one’s rope 山穷水尽 More haste, less speed. 欲速不达 landscape engineer 园林工人 To pass fish eyes for pearls 鱼目混珠 tonsorial artist 理发师 as stubborn as a mule 犟得像头牛 sanitation engineer 清洁工 dumb bell 笨蛋 shoe rebuilder 补鞋匠 to fish in the air 水底捞月 soft in the head 发疯的 to drink like a fish 牛饮 reckless disregard for truth 撒谎 as dry as sawdust 味同嚼蜡 to take things without permission 偷窃

You will cross the bridge when you get to it industrial climate 劳资关系紧张

justice has long arms 天网恢恢，疏而不漏 船到桥头自然直

better be the head of a dog than the tail of a lion diamond cut diamond 棋逢对手

golden saying 金玉良言 宁为鸡头，勿为牛后 fat office 肥缺

tread upon eggs 如履薄冰