跨文化交际考前复习（胡超版）

Unit 1:

Economic globalization: the integration of national economic into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology. Barter system: (物物交换) farming communities traded their surplus produce in exchange for products and services without the medium of money.

Global village: all the different parts of the world form one community linked together by electronic communications, especially the internet.

Melting pot: a socio-cultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationalities. Culture: a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.

Cultural diversity: the mix of people from various backgrounds in the labor force with a full mix of cultures and sub-cultures to which members belong.

Communication: meaning to share with or to make common, as in giving to another a part to share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge.

Intercultural communication: communication between people whose cultural perception and symbol systems are distinct enough alter the communication event (p.9-10).

Components of Communication

Source: The source is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate. Encoding: Encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol.

Message: The term message identifies the encoded thought. Encoding is the process ,the verb; the message is the resulting object.

Channel: The term channel is used technical to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted. The channel or medium, then, may be print, electronic, or the light and sound waves of the face-to-face communication.

Noise: The term noise technically refers to anything that the message the source encodes. Receiver: The receiver is the person who attends to the message.

Decoding: The receiver is actively involved in the communication process by assigning meaning to the symbols received.

Receiver response: It refers to anything the receiver does after having attended to and decoded the message.

Feedback: Feedback refers to that portion of the receiver response of which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning.

Context: The final component of communication is context. Generally, context can be defined as the environment in which the communication takes places and which helps define the communication.

1. What are the four trends that make our world more interdependent? (p8~9)

Four trends that lead to the development of the global village: Convenient transportation systems/ Innovative新进的 communication systems/ Economic globalization/Widespread migrations

2. What are the three ingredients of culture?

☆Artifacts (the material and spiritual products people produce) ☆Behavior (what they do)

☆Concepts(beliefs, values, world, views…)(what they think) 3. How to understand cultural iceberg?

☆Just as an iceberg which has a visible section above the waterline and a large invisible section below the waterline, culture has some aspects that are observable and others that can only be suspected and imaged.

☆Also like an iceberg, the part of culture that is visible is only a small part of a much bigger whole. It is said nine-tenth of culture is below the surface.(p7)

注：文学手势：The aspects of culture that are explicit, visible, taught.（详述的，明确） 看法友谊：The aspects of culture that are intangible and not taught directly.难以理解

4. What are the characteristic of culture?

☆Culture is shared. All communications take place by means of symbols.

☆Culture is learned. Culture is learned, not inherited. It derives from one’s social environment, not from one’s genes.

Enculturation (文化习得): all the activities of learning one’s culture are called enculturation. ☆Culture is dynamic.(p6) culture is subject to change. It’s dynamic rather than static, constantly changing and evolving under the impact of events and through contact with other cultures.

Acculturation (文化适应): the process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures.

☆Culture is ethnocentric (=ethnocentrism 文化中心主义).Ethnocentrism is the belief that your own cultural background is superior.

5. What are the six characteristics of communication?

Dynamic/ irreversible/ symbolic/ systematic/ transactional/ contextual ☆Communication is dynamic.

Communication is ongoing, ever-changing activity. A word or action does not stay frozen when you communicate; it is immediately replaced with yet another word or action.

☆Communication is irreversible.不可逆的

Once we have said something and someone else has received and decoded the message, the original sender cannot take it back. ☆Communication is symbolic.符号的

Symbols are central to the communication process because they represent the shared meanings that are communicated. Symbols are vehicle by which the thoughts and ideas of one person can be communicated to another person. ☆Communication is systematic系统的

Communication does not occur in isolation or in a vacuum（真空）, but rather is part of a large system. It takes place in a physical and a social context; both establish the rules that govern the interaction.

☆Communication is transactional. (P8)相互作用的

A transactional view holds that communicators are simultaneously（同时地） sending and receiving messages at every instant that they are involved in conversation. ☆Communication is contextual. (P8)文脉的，前后关系的

All communication takes place within a setting or situation called a context. By context, we mean the place wh …… 此处隐藏：7635字，全部文档内容请下载后查看。喜欢就下载吧 ……