实用的会计英语（2012年注册会计师英语）(10)

Deferred tax liability 递延所得税负债 Deferred tax asset 递延所得税资产 Permanent differences 永久性差异 Temporary differences 暂时性差异 Taxable temporary differences 应纳税暂时性差异 Deductible temporary differences 可抵扣暂时性差异 Tax base 纳税基础 Accounting profits form the basis for computing taxable profits, on which the tax liability for the year is calculated; however, accounting profits and taxable profits are different. There are two reasons for the differences.

Permanent differences. Those occur when certain items revenue or expense are excluded from the computation of taxable profits.

Temporary differences. Those occur when items of revenue or expense are included in both accounting profits and taxable profits, but not for the same accounting period. In the long run, the total taxable profits and total accounting profits will be the same so that timing differences originate in one period and are capable of reversal in one or more subsequent periods. Deferred tax is the tax attributable to temporary differences.

Taxable temporary differences, which are temporary differences that will result in taxable amounts in determining taxable profit ( tax loss) of future periods when the carrying amount of the asset or liability is recovered or settled.

Taxable temporary differences give rise to a deferred tax liability

Deductible temporary differences, which are temporary differences that will result in amounts that are deductible in determining taxable profit ( tax loss) of future periods when the carrying amount of the asset or liability is recovered or settled.

Deductible temporary differences give rise to a deferred tax asset. Prudence dictates that deferred tax assets can only be recognized when sufficient future taxable profits exist against which they can be utilized.

Deferred tax is an accounting measure used to match the tax effects of transactions with their accounting impact. It does not represent tax payable to the tax authorities.

Temporary differences are differences between the carrying amount of an asset or liability in the statement of financial position and its tax base.

Tax base of an asset or liability is the amount attributed to that asset or liability for tax purposes. 计税基础即从税法的角度来看，企业持有的资产、负债的金额。

Tax base of an asset is the amount that will be deductible for tax purposes against any taxable

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economic benefits that will flow to the enterprise when it recovers the carrying value of the asset. 资产的计税基础，是指在企业收回资产账面价值过程中，计算应纳税所得额时按照税法规定可以自应税经济利益中抵扣的金额，即某一项资产在未来期间计税时可以税前扣除的金额。 Illustration example:

1.A machine cost $10,000. For tax purposes, depreciation of $3,000 has been deducted in the current and prior periods and the remaining cost will be deductible in future periods. Tax base is $10,000-3,000=$7,000

2.Interest receivable has a carrying amount of $1,000. The related interest revenue will be taxed on a cash basis. Tax base is nil.

3.Trade receivable have a carrying amount of $10,000. The related revenue has already been included in taxable profit. Tax base is $10,000.

4.A loan receivable has a carrying amount of $1m. The repayment of the loan will have no tax consequences. Tax base is $1m.

Tax base of a liability is its carrying amount, less any amount that will be deducted for tax purposes in relation to the liability in future periods.

负债的计税基础，是指负债的账面价值减去未来期间计算应纳税所得额时按照税法规定可予抵扣的金额。 Illustration example:

1.Accrued expenses with a carrying amount of $1,000. The related expense will be deducted for tax purposes on a cash basis. Tax base is nil.

2.Interest revenue received in advance, with a carrying amount of $10,000. The related interest revenue was taxed on a cash basis. Tax base is nil.

3.Accrued expenses with a carrying amount of $2,000. The related expense has already been deducted for tax purposes. Tax base is $2,000.

4.Accrued fines and penalties with a carrying amount of $100. Fines and penalties are not deductible for tax purposes.

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Tax base is $100.

5.A loan payable has a carrying amount of $1m. The repayment of the loan will have no tax consequences. Tax base is $1m.

Recognition of Deferred Tax Liabilities (DTL) Deferred tax liabilities are the amounts of income taxes payable in future periods in respect of taxable temporary differences. Formulae:

Carrying Amount of Asset > Tax Base of Asset ? ? ?

Taxable Temporary Difference x Tax rate = Deferred Tax Liability Pay less tax now (more capital allowance available now)

Pay more tax later (no more capital allowance but company continue to charge depreciation which is added back to taxable profits) Recognition of Deferred Tax Assets (DTA)

Deferred tax assets are the amounts of income taxes recoverable in future periods in respect of deductible temporary differences. Formulae:

Carrying Amount of Liability > Tax Base of Liability ? ? ?

Deductible Temporary Difference x Tax Rate = Deferred Tax Asset

Pay more tax now (as expenses are not allowable, it will be added back to taxable profit) Pay less tax later (in future when the company pays for the expenses, it will be deductive when paid)

Economic benefits in the form of reductions in tax payments will only flow to the organization if it earns sufficient taxable profits against which the deductions can be offset. Therefore an organization only recognizes deferred tax assets when it is probable that taxable profits will be available against which they can be utilized.

递延所得税资产的确认应以未来期间可能取得的应纳税所得额为限。

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