欧洲有机苹果现状

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F.P. Weibel, A. Häseli, O. Schmid and H. Willer Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL) Ackerstrasse, P.O. Box CH-5070 Frick Switzerland Keywords: fruit, organic, Europe, production, economics, market Abstract Organic fruit growing in Europe has experienced remarkable growth rates since the mid 1990's. Southern states, especially Italy, Spain and France have the largest land area with organic fruit, are also growing olives, citrus and chestnuts. Mainly increasing interest of supermarket chains is responsible for this buoyancy, but also the availability of better plant protection products e.g. granulosis virus and mating disruption against codling moth, and Neem oil against Rosy Apple Aphid. State subsidies varying from 600 to more than 1600 Euro /ha/y in the EU-countries (15) are less decisive for the conversion of top fruit production. Market share of organic table fruit is only 1 to 2 %, reaching 4 to 5 % in Switzerland. For Switzerland, we estimate a market potential of around 12 to 15 %, which is already achieved with organic vegetables. In order to reach that percentage, better solutions for several key problems have to be found, e.g. control of scab, fire blight, sooty blotch, brown rot, weed management, fertilisation and crop load regulation. Also the assortment of organically produced “modern-standard” varieties is not satisfactory, in particular with stone fruit. The economics of organic fruit growing is comparatively healthy, however, it depends on receiving a one third higher farm gate price for the product. In Switzerland the benefit of organic orchards is 16 % higher compared to integrated fruit production; but labour hours exceed those of IFP by 7%, due to blossom thinning by hand, manual weed control and mice control. Supermarkets have a tendency to just “substitute” conventional with organic fruit if requiring organic fruit from disease susceptible varieties with no cosmetic blemishes. This can/does feed back to the growers resulting in “substitutional” production with disease and pest sensitive orchards managed with intensive “organic” spray and fertilisation programs. This certainly does not correspond with either the original concept of organic farming or with expectations of organic consumers. Thus, still a lot of development - also on the marketing side - has to be undertaken. INTRODUCTION Looking at the organic (fruit) production in Europe is not only a matter of production statistics, regulations and economy figures but has a meaningful historical background. Europe was the cradle of very central pioneers and movements during the exciting worldwide development of organic farming (Janik, 1991; Schaumann et al., 2002; Vogt, 1999; Vogt, 2000; Weibel et al., 2002). For example, IFOAM, «The International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements» the global umbrella organisation of all significant organic organisations, was founded in Versailles, France, in 1972 and held its first scientific congress in Sissach, Switzerland in 1977. The European Union initiated a pioneer act by enacting the legislation on organic farming «regulation 2092/91» in 1991 (for a consolidated version see Council of the European Commission 2002) with an EU-wide official definition on organic/biological/ecological farming. During the past 100 years or so, the manifestation of organic farming shifted from a movement that was predominantly characterized by charismatic leaders to a more and more socially, politically and scientifically accepted production system, based on Proc. XXVI IHC – Sustainability of Horticultural Systems

Eds. L. Bertschinger and J.D. Anderson Acta Hort. 638, ISHS 2004

Publication supported by Can. Int. Dev. Agency (CIDA) Present Status of Organic Fruit Growing in Europe 375

numerous private, national and international regulations. Since 1999 the Global Codex Alimentarius of the FAO has also covered organic agriculture. The Codex-guidelines are intended to guide and promote the establishment of definitions for organic agriculture and requirements for organic food labeling, to assist in their harmonisation in order to protect consumers and to facilitate international trade. GENERAL OVERVIEW ON ORGANIC FARMING IN EUROPE The data mentioned in this chapter originate from different sources. The different Eurostat (the EU's official data-publishing agency) databases do not yet contain data on organic production. The building of a coherent database was one of tasks of a FAIR research project (“Effects of the CAP-reform and possible further developments on organic farming in the EU” FAIR3-CT96-1794 2000). The results of this project are currently one of the main sources for EU-reports as e.g. “Organic Framing in the EU: Facts and Figures” (European Commission 2001). Other data sources are: I. Organic Agriculture Worldwide 2002: Statistics and Future Prospects (Yussefi/Willer 2002) II. Organic Food and Beverages World supply and major European Markets, International Trade Centre (ITC 1999) III. The Organic Europe Homepage (SOEL 2000 ff.) – Country Reports; IV. World Markets for Organic Fruit and Vegetables. International Trade Centre et al. (2001). For the Farm Structural Survey (FFS) of EU it was agreed in 2000, to collect relevant organic data and it will therefore be possible to compare the structure of organic holdings with conventional ones by the year 2002 (European Commission 2001) Organic agriculture is practised in most countries of the world, and its share of agricultural land and farms is increasing almost everywhere. According to a survey by Stiftung Oekologie & Landbau there are currently 17 million hectares under organic management (Yussefi & Willer, 2002). Europe ranks e second with a proportion of 24.1 % of the global organic land behind Oceania (7.6 million ha, most of it is low intensity grazing land in Australia) and …… 此处隐藏：38396字，全部文档内容请下载后查看。喜欢就下载吧 ……